Curr Obes Rep. 2021 Jun;10(2):70-80. doi: 10.1007/s13679-021-00424-2. Epub 2021 Jan 29.. (Curr). DOI:
10.1007/s13679-021-00424-2
Time-Restricted Eating, Intermittent Fasting, and Fasting-Mimicking Diets in Weight Loss
Fanti M, Mishra A, Longo VD, Brandhorst S.
Abstract
Obesity is a global health concern linked to chronic diseases. Time-restricted eating (TRE),
intermittent fasting (IF), and fasting-mimicking diets (FMDs) are emerging dietary
approaches for weight loss and improved metabolic health. This review examines the
evidence supporting these strategies, discussing their mechanisms of action, benefits, and
potential drawbacks.
Studies suggest that TRE, IF, and FMDs can promote weight loss, reduce insulin resistance,
lower inflammation, and improve cardiovascular risk factors. These effects are likely
mediated by changes in hormone levels, cellular stress responses, and metabolic switching.
However, more research is needed to determine optimal protocols, long-term safety, and
individual variability in response.
Keywords: Fasting-mimicking diet, Intermittent fasting, Obesity, Time-restricted eating,
Weight loss.
Introduction
Obesity has become a major public health challenge, contributing to chronic diseases such as
type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. Finding effective and sustainable
strategies for weight management is crucial.
Emerging dietary approaches like time-restricted eating (TRE), intermittent fasting (IF), and
fasting-mimicking diets (FMDs) have gained attention for their potential benefits in weight
loss and metabolic health improvement. These methods involve alternating periods of eating
and fasting, triggering physiological changes that may promote fat burning, reduce
inflammation, and improve insulin sensitivity.
This review aims to summarize the current evidence on TRE, IF, and FMDs, exploring their
mechanisms of action, potential benefits, and limitations for weight loss and longevity.
Methodology
This review analyzes existing scientific literature on time-restricted eating (TRE), intermittent
fasting (IF), and fasting-mimicking diets (FMDs) for weight loss. We conducted a
comprehensive search of relevant databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar, using
keywords such as “intermittent fasting,” “time-restricted feeding,” “fasting-mimicking diet,”
and “weight loss.” Studies published in English were included, focusing on randomized
controlled trials, observational studies, and systematic reviews.
Results
Studies have shown that TRE, IF, and FMDs can lead to significant weight loss compared to
traditional calorie restriction. These approaches also appear to improve insulin sensitivity,
reduce inflammation markers, and lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. The
mechanisms underlying these benefits likely involve changes in hormone levels (such as
insulin and growth hormone), activation of cellular stress response pathways (like autophagy),
and metabolic switching from glucose to fat utilization.
Discussion and Conclusion
TRE, IF, and FMDs offer promising strategies for weight loss and improving metabolic
health. Their effectiveness stems from triggering physiological adaptations that promote fat
burning, reduce inflammation, and enhance insulin sensitivity. However, further research is
needed to determine optimal protocols, long-term safety, and individual variability in
response. It’s crucial to consult with healthcare professionals before implementing these
dietary approaches, especially for individuals with underlying medical conditions.
Limitations Noted
While promising, the current evidence on TRE, IF, and FMDs has limitations. Many studies
are small or short-term, and long-term effects remain unclear. Individual responses can vary
greatly, and some people may experience side effects such as headaches, fatigue, or digestive
issues.
Acknowledgements None
Ethical Considerations
This review is based on published scientific literature and does not involve any original
research with human subjects. Ethical considerations related to the original studies are
addressed in their respective publications.
Source Citation
Fanti M et al.. (Curr). Time-Restricted Eating, Intermittent Fasting, and Fasting-Mimicking
Diets in Weight Loss. Curr Obes Rep. DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00424-2
Legal and Ethical Use Statement
This summary is created for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as
medical advice. Always consult with qualified healthcare professionals for medical decisions.
The original research article should be referenced for complete details and context.